ПІДХІД КИТАЮ ДО СТРАТЕГІЙ ХЕДЖУВАННЯ СЕРЕДНІХ СИЛ В АЗІАТСЬКО-ТИХООКЕАНСЬКОМУ РЕГІОНІ
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Анотація
Оскільки важливість подій в Азіатсько-Тихоокеанському регіоні щодня зростає в парадигмі американсько-китайського суперництва, стратегії, що застосовуються державами регіону для запобігання можливим негативним наслідкам конкуренції великих держав, значно відрізняються залежно від багатьох факторів. А втім, зростаюча тенденція серед середніх сил полягає у застосуванні стратегії хеджування. Як лідери регіону, середні сили зобов’язані коригувати свою зовнішньополітичну стратегію, зберігаючи пріоритети, збалансовуючи економічні та безпекові фактори й посилюючи свій вплив. Крім того, оскільки «середня сила» – це вже нова визначальна категорія в класифікації держав, тому це дослідження спробує відповісти на питання про те, як Китай впливає на стратегії хеджування середніх сил та які методи використовує Пекін, щоб забезпечити безперервну підтримку або принаймні збереження статус-кво на тлі геополітичної нестабільності в Азіатсько-Тихоокеанському регіоні та співпраці регіональних держав і США. У дослідженні йдеться про те, що нормативні категорії для підходів Китаю до співпраці з хеджуючими середніми силами можна концептуалізувати як дві категорії: управління зусиллями й основний рушій стратегії. Таким чином, підхід до оптимізації зусиль для залучення Південної Кореї та В’єтнаму, які відчувають виклики своєму суверенітету, суттєво відрізнятиметься від стратегії узгодження зусиль, застосованої до Таїланду та Індонезії, які мають спільні інтереси та цінності щодо регіонального розвитку з Китаєм. Водночас опортуністична стратегія, застосована Китаєм для співпраці з Південною Кореєю і Таїландом, офіційними союзниками США, відрізняється від застосованої щодо В’єтнаму й Індонезії, а саме стратегії, керованої прагматизмом.
Як цитувати
Гоч, Д. П. (2024). ПІДХІД КИТАЮ ДО СТРАТЕГІЙ ХЕДЖУВАННЯ СЕРЕДНІХ СИЛ В АЗІАТСЬКО-ТИХООКЕАНСЬКОМУ РЕГІОНІ. Китаєзнавчі дослідження, (4), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.51198/chinesest2024.04.026
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Ключові слова
середня сила, хеджування, стратегія безпеки
Посилання
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Haacke J. (2019), “The concept of hedging and its application to Southeast Asia: A Critique and a proposal for a modified conceptual and methodological framework”, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 375–417.
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Pongsudhirak T. (2020), “Thailand’s strategic drift: Domestic determinants amidst superpower competition”, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, pp. 1–15.
Prasirtsuk K. (2017), “An Ally at the Crossroads: Thailand in the US Alliance System”, in Global Allies: Comparing US Alliances in the 21st Century. ANU Press, pp. 115–132.
Raghupathy S. (2024), “Vietnam-China and the Indo-Pacific”, Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 356–372.
Robertson J. (2017), “Middle-power definitions: Confusion reigns supreme”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 355–370.
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Sato Y. (2023), “The United States in the indo-pacific”, Handbook of Indo-Pacific Studies, pp. 331–342.
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Tahir R.S.A.R. and Huda M.I.M. (2023), “Thailand’s “Bamboo Bending with The Wind” Policy, Shifting Ground Between The U.S and A Rising China”, International Journal of Business Research and Social Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 1472–1489.
Thanh P.C. and Dung, D.Q. (2019), 2019 Viet Nam National Defence. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House.
Thao T.P. (2023), “Middle powers in the Indo-Pacific”, in Handbook of Indo-Pacific Studies. New York, New York: Routledge Handbooks, pp. 430–439.
Wang Yuzhu (2021), “Hedging strategy: Concept, behavior, and implications for China-ASEAN relations”, East Asian Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 2.
Adams J., Gompert D.C. and Knudson T. (2024), “From Quad to Quint? Vietnam’s strategic potential”, Survival, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 57–65.
Askari M.U. and Tahir M. (2021), “Vietnam and Philippines” hedging against China in the South China Sea: Economic and security perspectives”, Pakistan Journal of Social Research, Vol. 03, No. 04, pp. 120–127.
Beeson M. and Higgott R. (2013), “The changing architecture of politics in the Asia-Pacific: Australia’s Middle Power Moment?”, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 215–237.
Bong Y. (2017), “Continuity Amidst Change: The Korea – United States Alliance”, in Global Allies: Comparing US Alliances in the 21st Century. ANU Press, pp. 45–58.
Busbarat P. (2022), “Thailand’s Perspective of the United States and China: A SWOT Analysis”, in Southeast Asian Perspectives of the United States and China: A SWOT Analysis. Asan Institute for Policy Studies, pp. 94–112.
Butcher J.D. (2024a), “Simply another practice among others? analysing the rise of strategic partnerships in the Asia-Pacific region”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 498–519.
Butcher J.D. (2024b), “Simply another practice among others? analysing the rise of strategic partnerships in the Asia-Pacific region”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 498–519.
Ciorciari J. and Haacke, J. (2022), “Hedging as risk management: Insights from works on alignment, riskification, and strategy”, SSRN Electronic Journal, pp. 1–44.
Defence Ministry of the Republic of Indonesia (2015), Defence White Paper. Jakarta: Defence Ministry of the Republic of Indonesia.
Department of Defence (2024), National Defence Strategy. Canberra: Australian Government, Department of Defence.
Emmers R. (2018), “The role of Middle Powers in Asian multilateralism”, Asia Policy, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 42–47.
Emmers R. and Teo S. (2014), “Regional security strategies of middle powers in the asia-pacific”, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 185–216.
Fitriani E. (2022), Indonesia’s wary embrace of China, Merics, available at: https://merics.org/de/indonesias-wary-embrace-china.
Gurascio F., Vu K. and Nguyen P. (2023), Vietnam boosts China ties as “bamboo diplomacy” follows US upgrade, The Reuters, available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/chinas-xi-visits-vietnam-after-biden-seeks-boost-ties-2023-12-12/.
Haacke J. (2019), “The concept of hedging and its application to Southeast Asia: A Critique and a proposal for a modified conceptual and methodological framework”, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 375–417.
He Kai and Li Mingjiang (2020), “Understanding the dynamics of the Indo-Pacific: US–China strategic competition, regional actors, and beyond”, International Affairs, Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 1–7.
Jones D.M. and Jenne N. (2021), “Hedging and grand strategy in Southeast Asian foreign policy”, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 22 (2), pp. 205–235.
Jordaan E. (2003), “The concept of a middle power in international relations: Distinguishing between emerging and traditional Middle Powers”, Politikon, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 165–181.
Jung S.C., Lee J. and Lee J.-Y. (2020), “The Indo-Pacific Strategy and US Alliance network expandability: Asian Middle Powers” positions on Sino-US geostrategic competition in Indo-Pacific region”, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 30, No. 127, pp. 53–68.
Koga K. (2020), “Japan’s “Indo-pacific” question: Countering China or shaping a new regional order?”, International Affairs, Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 49–73.
Kratiuk B. (2023), “Strategic alliances and alignments in the indo-pacific”, Handbook of Indo-Pacific Studies, pp. 248–266.
Kuik C.-C. (2021), “Getting hedging right: A small-state perspective”, China International Strategy Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 300–315.
Kuik C.-C. and Rozman G. (2015), Light or heavy hedging: Positioning between China and the United States. Washington, DC: Korea Economic Institute.
Küçükdeğirmenci O. (2021), “A strategic decision: Understanding Chinas nonalliance policy in the context of alliance formation”, Euroasia Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 8, No. 19, pp. 98–114.
Lowy Institute Asia Power Index 2024 (2024), Lowy Institute, available at: https://power.lowyinstitute.org/.
Meijer H. and Simón L. (2021), “Covert balancing: Great powers, secondary states and US balancing strategies against China”, International Affairs, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 463–481.
Ministry of Defense (2022), National security strategy of Japan. Tokyo: Ministry of Defense.
Nedić P. (2022), “Hedging strategy as a response to the United States-China rivalry: The case of southeast asia”, The Review of International Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 1185, pp. 91–112.
Office of National Security (2023), The Yoon Suk Yeol Administration’s national security strategy: Global pivotal state for freedom, peace, and prosperity. Seoul: Office of National Security, Republic of Korea.
Pongsudhirak T. (2020), “Thailand’s strategic drift: Domestic determinants amidst superpower competition”, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, pp. 1–15.
Prasirtsuk K. (2017), “An Ally at the Crossroads: Thailand in the US Alliance System”, in Global Allies: Comparing US Alliances in the 21st Century. ANU Press, pp. 115–132.
Raghupathy S. (2024), “Vietnam-China and the Indo-Pacific”, Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 356–372.
Robertson J. (2017), “Middle-power definitions: Confusion reigns supreme”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 355–370.
Saha R. et al. (2020), Indonesian foreign policy is still free, more active, Lowy Institute, available at: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/indonesian-foreign-policy-still-free-more-active.
Sandal N.A. (2014), “Middle Powerhood as a legitimation strategy in the developing world: The cases of Brazil and Turkey”, International Politics, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 693–708.
Sato Y. (2023), “The United States in the indo-pacific”, Handbook of Indo-Pacific Studies, pp. 331–342.
South-East Asia learns how to deal with China (2024) The Economist, available at: https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/01/11/south-east-asia-learns-how-to-deal-with-china.
Supriyanto R. et al. (2016), Check, but not check-mate: Indonesia’s nine-dash line mistake, Lowy Institute, available at: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/check-not-check-mate-indonesia-s-nine-dash-line-mistake.
Tahir R.S.A.R. and Huda M.I.M. (2023), “Thailand’s “Bamboo Bending with The Wind” Policy, Shifting Ground Between The U.S and A Rising China”, International Journal of Business Research and Social Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 1472–1489.
Thanh P.C. and Dung, D.Q. (2019), 2019 Viet Nam National Defence. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House.
Thao T.P. (2023), “Middle powers in the Indo-Pacific”, in Handbook of Indo-Pacific Studies. New York, New York: Routledge Handbooks, pp. 430–439.
Wang Yuzhu (2021), “Hedging strategy: Concept, behavior, and implications for China-ASEAN relations”, East Asian Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 2.